Nuclear to protect the main point of knowledge with the radiation accident

Nuclear to protect the main point of knowledge with the radiation accident
Nuclear to protect the main point of knowledge with the radiation accident
1.What is a nuclear accident? The nuclear accident refers to the state of serious bias operation operating mode taking place in nuclear facilities or nuclear activities. Under this kind of state, if the relevant one has the safety devices specially and can't contribute according to the designing requirement, the release of the radioactive material may reach the unacceptable level. 2.How much kinds of classification does acute radiation sickness have? Acute radiation sickness is divided into three kinds: Namely bone marrow type, intestines type and brain type radiation sickness. Among them, the bone marrow type radiates old complaints according to being taken the picture the dosage different and dividing into slightly, intermediate, severe and extremely severe bone marrow type radiation sickness. At present, severe the following can treat and cure to live to damage patients to radiate. Extremely severe bone marrow type radiation sickness, enteric radiation sickness and brain type radiation sickness have not been treated and cured into a living experience yet, generally treat the principle in order to lighten patient's agony, lengthen the time of surviving. 3.Is it safe how far to withdraw from? Under normal conditions, primary task is to limit the emergence exposed in radiation. Reduce the influence that the radioactive smoke cloud subsides through evacuating or concealing influenced population mainly. According to atmospheric release amount and meteorological condition at that time of medium-level radioactive substance ' Such as wind direction and precipitation,etc.) ,And according to central range that explode, country confirm until how large the intersection of radius and planted agent take, conceal the safeguard procedures promptly. 4.How to carry on the self-protection? It is panic to avoid at first, listen to radio or watch the TV in time, according to the instruction action of the government. Under having situation existing in radioactive pollution, stay in the room. The administration of the iodine slice should be in accordance with the instructions of the government, only the government could determine whether to need to take the iodine one after assessing the accident state. Can't assume subjectively or take without authorization because of being frightened only according to individual. 5.Which are the risk related to the fact that pregnant? How to reduce these risks? Because iodine slice blocks the function that the iodine of thyroid gland absorbs, should pay the special concern to take the iodine one to pregnant women. First of all, pregnant woman's thyroid gland high when absorbing the more ordinary adult of the probability of the radioactive iodine. Secondly, the foetus' thyroid gland should be protected, especially the second, third pregnancy period after pregnancy. However, except this, a special medical reason does not indicate that it is pregnant to avoid in cases at present. 6.What connections do dosage and long-term effect have? Being exposed to ionization radiation may increase the risk of suffering from cancer. Survivor through exploding to the atomic bomb, accept that Pele's nuclear accident of the promise is shown by the radiation epidemiology research of taking the picture the crowd to radiate patient, job making a diagnosis and is taken the picture crowd and the former Soviet Union and cut, when the radiation dosage of whole body is lower than 100 fine long hair to wish, have not found the obvious carcinogenic effect of radiation. Show to the survivor's investigations of exploding of Japanese atomic bomb, in suffering the next several years for radiation, suffered from the risk of leukemia to increase, the risk of the future trouble cancer increased in 10. In case of nuclear accident, if the radioactive iodine is deposited in the thyroid gland, it will cause some dosage effect of thyroid gland, but not whole body effect. It shows to cut the experience and lessons of Pele's nuclear accident of the promise, the radioactive iodine is the greatest influence factor, over 5000 cancer cases of thyroid gland that this accident causes the children in 0~18 years old of age and breaks out. Cut nuclear accident, Pele of promise, most large to it influences to be the psychological impact. This mainly lacks the risk and links up what the mechanism causes. So under nuclear state of meeting an urgent need, set up one good masses exchange mechanism to be very much important. 7.It can be thought to have no effect on health that how much dosage lower than? It shows that epidemiology counts research, lead to the fact the risk of cancer has not obviously increased when the dosage is lower than 100 fine long hair to wish. However, it is a foundation protected in radiation that there is not a threshold model linearly in ionization radiation. This means, the ionization radiation of any dosage can cause certain biological effect in theory, but this kind of effect also can't prove on mankind. So, we are unable to say it is free from risk that it is absolute that level of that dosage is. Should follow and protect competence and optimize the principle (ALARA principle) most as much as possible in ionization radiation is protected . 8.When the accident appears with the radioactive pollution wounded of traumatism live, how should the public save oneself, mutually rescue? In implement, give first aid emergent rescue personnel of task reach, live, on-the-spot masses can go on the following rescue the task according to different situation: ( 1) Excavate the wounded buried; ( 2) Put out the fire and make the wounded break away from the fire area; ( 3) Simple and easy to arrest blood; ( 4) Simple and easy to wrap up or hide the wound surface; ( 5) Simple and easy fixed fracture; ( 6) Removing the inner silt of a nose, the wounded pull out the tongue so as not to suffocate to going into a coma; ( 7) Take carry-on medicines for the wounded ' Such as analgesic) ; ( 8) Simple and easy to get rid of pollution; ( 9) Escort wounded,etc.. 9.After the nuclear accident happens, even not received radiation, will feel afraid, what reason is this? Any accident, has no matter already or received the real irradiation, it is decreased and anxious that spiritual and tired. This kind of situation is due to people's dangerous self- feeling to health, its part depends on whether people believe the responsible institution has the ability and are worth relying on, and already adopted the fast but effective action to control radiation dosage. Meanwhile, medical workers should carry on essential psychological consultation to the work, remove the panic state of the psychology. 10.The public and how to control mood and keep the good psychology after the incident in the accident? The accident related to nuclear and radiation is apt to cause people's frightened psychology. As to this, should carry out the principle prevented first. As to the victim who is attacked by the psychology, can take some to have method to pacify function to remove to heart nervously. Some victims may present some bad behaviors, some is shown as inhibiting, shrink back, passive and passive characteristic, perhaps there is behavior that some people forget oneself. These situations require psychologists to follow the patient's detailed conditions, take pointed psychological therapeutic method. The patient's relative and relevant personnel should have these arrangement of personnel psychotherapy displayed in time. 11.What personnel should accept the help of the mental hygiene? Deal with help that the personnel who produces the psychological obstacle for the mental hygiened after the calamity. Usually, is involved in the large-scale disaster or loses kissing directly, the survivor of property loss is the potential victim needing offering psychology in time to help; Secondly it is individual and family having contacts with them; Personnel who are engaged in rescuing or searching for or helping to rebuild or the members of the work of rehabilitation and the volunteer should take into account; The individual easy to be perceptual and high, may display the sign of the psychological morbid state and need help too when close to the disaster scene. 12.What is meant to conceal? Mean person stay in enter room, close the door Window and ventilating system, in order to reduce the feather of cigarette (subside dust) The sucking and shining outside of medium-level radioactive substance, and it is from radioactive sediment to reduce and shine outside. 13.What is meant to withdraw? Mean, influence into regional urgent transformation people, with avoid or reduce, come from the intersection of cigarette and feather or high the intersection of level and radioactive the intersection of sediment and heavy dose that cause shine. This measure is a short-term measure, it is expected people can return to the country of Origin during a certain limited time to estimate. 14.How far can cigarette cloud float after the nuclear accident? This is very difficult to predict. It depends on wind speed and other meteorological conditions. The radioactive material released can lead to the fact great radiation dosage, what adverse effects does it have on health? Depend on the total amount of radioactive material released, the dosage that the public receives may be than low and even very low-level range. World be wished by 2.4 fine long hair per persons natural radiation this bottom dosage /it is annual,cause every value of area not to be will getting more different to some extent regional disparity, for example up to 200 fine long hair in some places of Iran, India to wish. When it is greater than a gray that whole body shines the dosage, will present acutely and radiate health effects such as venereal disease,etc.. However, drop dust as to the radioactivity released in the accident of nuclear power station, a large number of radioactive smoke cloud is after transporting at a long distance, it is unlikely to present the situation that so high dosage shines. 15.What are the early safeguard procedures? Mean, take place nuclear and radiation in 2 day, to safeguard procedures which person may adopt being as follows, 1 day behind the accident in early days Conceal, the respiratory tract is protected, take the iodine of stability, withdraw, control the thorough fare of the exit etc.. Among them, the respiratory tract is protected to cover the action of the nose with the dry or wet towel, can prevent or reduce and suck the radioactive nuclide. Taking the iodine of stability can prevent or reduce the radioactive iodine is deposited in the thyroid gland after entering in the body in the feather of cigarette. 16.What are the safeguard procedures of middle period? In incident middle period, a great deal of radioactive materials are deposited on the ground already. At this moment, except can consideration suspend the respiratory tract protect as to individual, the other early safeguard procedures can continue adopting. Receive the too high accumulation dosage for avoiding staying for a long time, the responsible institution can adopt and control and move outwards the crowd from the contaminated area in a planned way. Should also consider sale and consumption of the food and drinking water that restrain the locality from producing or storing. Shine the characteristic of the route to personnel according to this period, but the safeguard procedures taken are as follows, use and store the feed in the animal husbandry, decontaminate personnel's body surface, treat and cure etc. the sick and wounded. 17.What are ��'s safeguard procedures of one? In later period such as accident ' Convalescence) The problem faced is: With when may recover social normal life, or need further taking the safeguard procedures. In later period such as incident, shine route for pollute ingestion of food and suspend again to suck cause, shine inside material mainly. So, but the safeguard procedures taken include controlling the thorough fare of the exit, avoiding moving, controlling the food and water, use and store feed and area to decontaminate etc.. 18.Once it is nuclear and radiating the accident to appear, what should the public do? Once the appearance is nuclear and radiates the accident, the first thing that the public must do is to obtain the believable information about the accident as much as possible, understand the decision, notice of the government department. Should keep the information communication with the local government through various means, making sure to keep in mind can't readily believe the rumour or small way information. The second thing is, take the essential protection own safeguard procedures rapidly. For example, can select the building nearby for use to conceal, should close the doors and windows, close the ventilation facilities. Implement organizedly and withdrawing in an orderly manner according to the arrangement of the local government. When judging there is radioactivity to spread the incident to happen, it can not be in face of the wind that must guard against, can't have a favourable wind and run either, should try hard to hide from the side of the wind direction, and enter building and conceal rapidly. Take and breathe and protect, include sealing and shutting up the nose, filter the radioactive particle with wet towel, cloth,etc.. If suspect there is radioactive pollution on the surface of body, reduce the radioactive pollution by having a bath and changing the clothes. Prevent the food or water of pollution of ingestion. It is nuclear and radiating the terrorist incident to appear, the public should pay special attention to the maintenance psychology steadily, must not be greatly alarmed. 19.In what situations take and conceal the measure? What should the public pay attention to? It is early and medium that there is accident that more generous radioactive material releases to the atmosphere, concealing is one of the main safeguard procedures. Most buildings can make the personnel in the building suck the dosage to nearly reduce by half. Conceal for some time and after the cigarette feather is passed, concealing the radioactive nuclide density in the internal air will rise, essential when ventilating at this moment,in order to until there reduce is densities radioactive and last levels more cleans outdoor at air. Therefore for lasting release, the obscure shelter result is relatively bad. Concealing time generally thinks that should exceed 2 days. 20.In what situations need to take the personal safeguard procedures? What should the public pay attention to? Need to take some personal safeguard procedures when the air is polluted by the radioactive material. Can make to seal and shut up the nose and suck the dosage due to radioactive material to reduce by about 90% with handkerchief, towel, cloth,etc.. The shelter of the body surface can use various daily clothes, including cap, scarf, raincoat, glove and boot,etc.. Decontaminated to already receiving or suspicious by the personnel of the radioactive pollution of body surface, the method is simple, so long as use the water shower, and will be taken off and preserved by clothes, shoes, cap,etc. polluted, monitor or deal with if having time until the afterwards. Prevent spreading the radioactive pollution to the area that has not been polluted. 21.What obey iodine and protect meaning? In the accident already or under the situation of the radiosiotope that may result in releasing the iodine, compound that will contain the non- radioactive iodine is distributed and for residents to take as a shelter medicine, in order to reduce the shining the dosage of thyroid gland. 22.In what situations take the iodine of stability? Nuclear after happening with the radiation accident, people may take in the radioactive iodine, concentrate on thyroid gland, enable these organ more heavily dose of shining; Taking the iodine of stability at this moment can reduce the thyroid gland and absorb the radioactive iodine. If take the iodine of stability while sucking radioactive iodine, can block 90% of the deposition in the thyroid gland of radioactive iodine. Take the iodine of stability in sucking radioactive iodine several hours, can still make the quantity that the thyroid gland absorbs the radioactive iodine reduce by about half. To that adult recommend administration amount for 100 iodine, to pregnant woman and 3 year old 12 -year-old children, the taking amount is 50 milligrams, the taking amount of children under the age of 3 is 25 milligrams. 23.What should be paid attention to to take iodine of stability? To the neonate in one month after born ining, stability The taking amount of iodine should keep at the valid lowest level. To having people, for example, the person who has tubercle of thyroid gland, dash for ward the eyes persons who have already been cured of goiter, persons who have accepted the radioactive iodine treatment, chronic inflammation disease patient of thyroid gland, the intersection of thyroid gland and the intersection of form and person who excises side, have inferior getting clinical function getting low thyroid gland, to the allergic one of iodine, some dermatosises (analeptic, eczema, psoriasis) Patient,etc., should be careful by or not use the iodine of stabilitying. 24.Iodine slice (KI) Be protected from radiation? How radiation -proof is it? How much quantity should take? On physiology, the main source of the human iodine is the absorption of the thyroid gland, the thyroid gland produces hormone of thyroid gland by the iodine. KI is the iodine of stability, it can make the iodine in the thyroid gland saturate to prevent the absorption of the radioactive iodine. It shows, cuts the main factor that Pele's accident of the promise influences with radioactive iodine to cut the promise Pele's experience, it causes the emergence of over 5000 children's thyroid gland cancer case, is shone the crowd's age among 0~18 years old. So, KI's assigned primary target is infant and pregnant woman. The iodine slice can't protect the radioactive material except iodine from external radioactivity and absorbing by the body. That's why the intersection of iodine and the intersection of thyroid gland and block in several occasions and other safeguard procedures ' Stay in the room, close doors and windows,etc. such as concealing) Use synthetically. Contacting the radioactive iodine can lead to the fact thyroid gland cancer is apparent to increase, especially the infant. Suck and the ingestive radioactive iodine can be accumulated in the thyroid gland. Preventative before exposing to take KI, can prevent the absorption of the iodine of radioactivity of thyroid gland and reduce and suffer from the long-term risk of thyroid gland cancer. The iodine blocks the function of the result on the thyroid gland of iodine in order to fully perform steadily, it need in receiving according to before or not receive according to after take by iodine slice as soon as possible stable. In several hour under accident, still can prevent thyroid gland to to absorb 50% of the iodine from through take. In order to prevent sucking the radioactive iodine isotope, usually the stable iodine of tablet quantity is enough, it can play a role in protecting continuously in 24 hours, played abundant protective action on the thyroid gland when the smoke cloud containing radioactive iodine isotope attacked. However, under the long-term continuation release state, the situation that may shine repeatedly. Emphasize again, take KI only before exposed to the radioactive iodine, could play the best protective action. 25.Where is available KI? National stock KI. It is to any requirement for running the nuclear power plant to prestore KI tablet, also its important component of the scheme of meeting an urgent need. 26.Should control the food and drink the water in what situations? The density of radioactive nuclide when and drink the water in the food forbids or exercises restraint in eating or drinking these food and drinking water polluted while exceeding the level that the national standard stipulates. The national standard divides food into two kinds, one is food of general consumption, one is milk, baby food and drinking water; Have stipulated separately to different nuclide that needs to adopt the density level of intervening action. 27.How to know one's own house and other articles receive the radioactive pollution? Suspected to have or really have the nuclear and initial stage of radiation accident emergence, the responsible department of the goverment will organize monitoring and appraisal of the scene fast, by judging property, real level of pollution and range of the radioactive pollution, in order to guide guardianship and the wounded's treatment and cure which respond to personnel to meeting an urgent need in the subsequent emergent action. Except monitoring fast at the scene, also will adopt, sample live and the intersection of laboratory and method of measurement carry on radioactive monitoring. The public can get in touch with responsible department of the goverment or media with the aid of linking up the procedure, obtain one's own information deeply concerned, including the radioactive pollution situation of one's own house and other property, measure that is determined and should be taken that and respond to the requirement organized according to meeting an urgent need. 28.What is the radioactivity? Radioactive discovery, has lasted more than 100 years already. Find first a radioactive one is French scientist Beckler. In 1896, Beckler found while studying the fluorogenic phenomenon of the uranium ore that is launching X ray -like penetrating radiation in the uranium salt mine. Two years later, French physicist Mrs. Curie found from the uranium ore another one can launch the new element of the ray - -Polonium, she find radium after the 4 year, Curie Mrs. propose, can send so-called radioactivity of property of the ray out while being spontaneous material. There is radioactive nuclide that is known as the radioactive nuclide. The radioactive nuclide will be turned into new isotope after launching the radioactive rays out, the new isotope may be the radiosiotope, also may be the stable isotope, but this course is called radioactive decay. 29.Under the normal situation, what radiation do people generally shine? The whole world of personal annual effective dose from natural radiation about 2.4 fine long hair wishes on average, among them, from cosmic ray to wish for 0.4 fine long hair, from ground �� ray to wish for 0.5 fine long hair, suck ' It is mainly indoor radon) Produce wish for 1.2 fine long hair ingestion wish for 0.3 fine long hair. Can find out radon is the main source of shining. 30.How does radiation cause danger to the health? The function on the human body of radiation is an extremely complicated course. The human body begins from absorbing radiation energy, to produce the biological effect, and even the damage and dying of the organism, change related to a lot of different properties. Under the function of radiation, the biological macromolecule in the human body, for instance nuclear acid, protein waits a moment ionization or stimulates. The properties of these biological macromolecules will change because of this, function and supersession of cells are also destroyed. The experiment proves radiation can make DNA rupture or hinder the molecule from duplicating. In addition, the biological macromolecule in the human body exists in a large number of moisture sons, when acting on the moisture son in radiation, son will also or stimulate the moisture ionization, it is (such as OH-1, H + free radical) to produce harmful free radicals ,Then make the biological macromolecule in the sub environment of the moisture damaged. Though radiation may cause damaging to the human body, if the dosage is not high, the organism can repair the cells or local organization damaged through one's own supersession course, the size of this kind of repair function intensity, has already related to intensity damaged originally for the first time, may be different to some extent because of difference among the individuals. (Source: Center for Disease Prevention and Control of China)


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