The non-government organization recruits volunteers and measures the air PM2.5 data on the spot
On December 10, the volunteer in environment protecting mode measures the number value of PM2.5 near international trade. Staff reporter Wang JiaNing takes the photograph It shows that the increasingly many city of the focus monitors, pollute the pollutant that the particulate matter has already become with primary air pollution. In these particulate matters, the diameter can enter the alveolus directly while smaller than PM2.5 of 2.5 micronsing, take place and should surge and change with the human body, influence the health seriously. In the near future, will announce " surrounding air quality criteria " draft in environmental protection department, PM2.5 will probably include in the new standard and become and manage the index. But to " PM2.5 " How come on earth, how high on earth with the intersection of citizen and life relation degree at ordinary times it will be it? A lot of people do not know. Recently, the reporter measures on the spot together with volunteer in environment protecting mode, look for the source of PM2.5. Since winter has set in, whenever haze it, fog weather appear, monitoring and administration of PM2.5 become to pay close attention to the focus. Study according to the scientist in environment protecting mode, PM2.5 is " haze " Main cause of the weather. But PM2.5 how come on earth, to discharge directly on the chimney, or was the dust in the ground turned into? Perhaps a lot of people are not clear to this. December 10, the volunteer in environment protecting mode - -Electronic engineer Cheng Jing in Beijing to tell everybody the cause and danger of PM2.5 through the activity of one day to plan. The diesel vehicle of 10 micrograms of public transits is higher than the electric motor car It is Saturday on December 10, Cheng Jing gets up at 6 o'clock, the microcomputer laser dust appearance on the desk has already been fully charged. This monitoring instrument valued nearly 30,000 yuan, can examine the density of PM2.5-PM10 in the air, it is introduced that it is less than 10% to measure the errors. This instrument is by the non-government organization " Dahl asks that seeks knowledge in the society naturally " Offer. This Wang QiuXia, staff member of organization, says, June of this year begin, they recruit volunteers, monitor PM2.5 in the living environment, and write that monitors the diary. Cheng Jing wants to unravel PM2.5 source like original intention that Dahl asks. In the morning of December 10, the northerly is 3-4 grades of Beijing, it is fine with occasional clouds. Cheng Jing says, such fair weather, it is good thing, different environments for monitoring PM2.5, the data are changed obviously. Not like in haze it, indoor, outdoor number values are all very high. Evening before that day, scene Cheng examine PM2.5 density of family. The data are 8 micrograms / m3, he has examined after finishing sweeping the ground, the data are 9 micrograms / m3. "Impact on PM2.5 and big of in fact sweeping the floor. " At 7 o'clock, Cheng Jing walks out of one's home, at 10 past 7, he takes the bus. Change to two buses separately, the number value of PM2.5 is 10 and 26 micrograms / m3 respectively in the car. He says, the difference of the data relates to motive force of the bus, the first is electronic public transits, and the second is diesel vehicles. At 35 past 7, the data that Cheng Jing got in the depression lake bridge side road of the kiln of E.4th Ring Road are 36 micrograms / m3. At 8 o'clock, he is in " bird nest " The data measured are 7 micrograms / m3. Cheng Jing says, obvious in north and southern air quality difference of Beijing urban area, the north of canal way and the south on the way change even wide. Peking University medical science portion the intersection of professor and XiaoChuan Pan say growth of PM2.5 directly proportional to with the intersection of hospital and the intersection of emergency call and relevant the intersection of patient and number of disease, disease of the circulatory system and patient of respiratory disease, PM2.5 10 micrograms for every increase / m3, the emergency call amount probably increases by 0.5% to 1%. "The air can be regarded as well today. " Cheng Jing says, the data got in above-mentioned test have already reached the standard up to standard of WHO. The " surrounding air quality criteria " draft that the environmental protection department announced recently is hit, and density limit is fixed for 35 micrograms / m3 and 75 micrograms / m3 respectively on average 24 hours the intersection of PM2.5 and annual mean, and World Health Organization (WHO) The first stage goal value is the same in transition period. 1095 micrograms of car blast pipes PM2.5 are the most At 9 o'clock a.m., hide the crossing at a high speed in Beijing, Cheng Jing measures public transit station on both sides separately. It is minor to gather around and stop up on the same day. The small camp's bridge north public transit station PM2.5 measurement value of Qinghe is 36 micrograms / m3. The side road of southern side of Xisanqi bridge opposite to the bridge, the number value is 37 micrograms, the south public transit station platform of Xisanqi bridge is 33 micrograms. But if there is not bus, the number value of the platform is in 20 micrograms / about m3; If the bus sets off, the instrument number value will rise to 50 even more than 60 micrograms / m3 instantly, the person on platform still can smell the peculiar smell. Get the " contributes " of PM2.5 of car exhaust for being ocular ,Cheng Jing aims the instrument at the blast pipe of the vehicle driven. Under the idle speed state, it is 214 micrograms / m3 that the instrument monitors the average. As stepping on the lower throttle, the engine rotational speed is up to 2500 to rotate, PM2.5 number value in the twinkling of an eye reaches 1095 micrograms / m3. "There are 4 million motor vehicles in Beijing, how much does it discharge to go out PM2.5 every day? " Cheng Jing feels, the motor vehicle should be mainly discharging the source of PM2.5. PM2.5 another source is the wind-borne dust of the building. But the number value that Cheng Jing measures in CBD building site of key district is very low, only 17 micrograms / m3. Dahl asks that organizes staff member Wang QiuXia to say, wind-borne dust near building site is mostly big particles, PM2.5 is actually not high. Cheng Jing feels PM2.5 main source of Beijing is a motor vehicle on the same day, this and " Dahl ask " The conclusion monitored before this is identical. Last beginning of month, the intersection of volunteer and beautiful duckweed Yang lead son six road junction monitor two weeks continuously in Haidian District. The monitoring result is: Early peak and late peak PM2.5 have the highest density, among them, the late peak is taller in density, it is relatively low at noon. "Pollutant accumulate one day, unfavorable to time that pollutant spreads too evening at the late peak. " Wang QiuXia says. 680 micrograms have a cigarette PM2.5 to increase by 24 times Indoor the intersection of PM2.5 and data than outdoor low, but after smoking, the situation makes a world of difference. Cheng Jing does the experiment in the car first. PM2.5 density has been 26 micrograms / m3 when not smoking in the car, are lower than 33 micrograms / m3 outside the car. Shutting the door, the experimenter just breathed out the first cigarette, the tester density value in the car rises to 740 micrograms / m3 at once. 10 seconds later, the number value rises to 1003 micrograms / m3, this number value stays for two minutes continuously. Through the measurement of five minutes, have in a cigarette car PM2.5 average density is 680 micrograms / m3, it is even higher than the average number value measured in place of ten centimetres of blast pipe. Subsequently, Cheng Jing,et al. comes to the smoking room on the third floor of a unit of Dongcheng District again. The office of Saturday is empty Nobody, but PM2.5 density inside and outside the smoking room stills have differences. 12 micrograms. Two people enter the smoking room and smoke, it is 423 micrograms / m3 that Cheng Jing measures the average of 5 minutes. PM2.5 that second hand cigarette lead to the fact there is public opinion in the world. The relevant report reveals, smoking, to having probably about 2% contribution rate of PM2.5 in the atmospheric environment. In addition, stir-fry cook, make PM2.5? For this reason, the test before Cheng Jing's egg at station one of public transit of Agricultural Exhibition Center specially irritates the stand of cake. From three four of stand, PM2.5 17 / m3 in density, and near, contribute 30 early, PM2.5 30 / m3 in value. "In the airtight room, this data will be bigger. " In addition, Cheng Jing has also found an interesting phenomenon. While collecting the medicated napkin, people always shake the medicated napkin, start and use. But the course that this one shakes, will release PM2.5. Before Cheng Jing has not used the medicated napkin in the car, PM2.5 density is 26 micrograms / m3 in the car, smoke a medicated napkin, shake, PM2.5 value rises to 100 micrograms / m3 instantlies. "The medicated napkin has some tiny paper one, distribute to the air once shaking. " Wang QiuXia says, trifling matters of everyday life which people do not pay attention to very much usually, will produce PM2.5 too. Contribute 38% PM2.5 motor vehicle to contribute greatly As to the thing that one is lower than slight particulate matter of 2.5 microns directly in the air, the naked eye can not be seen at all, where do they come from mainly? Studied more than ten years, the environmental science in Peking University and institute's professor academician Tang XiaoYan of the project have led the team to investigate, basically find out the life experience of thin particle: A large number of rich particulate matters collected in the atmosphere, there are two sources mainly, first, come from naturally, for instance sea salt particle, soil dust,etc., second, come from the human activity. As to air pollution, the latter is a focal point. In academician Tang XiaoYan's research report, subdivide the triangular PM2.5 chemical composition of pearl, find until average density in the 104 / PM2.5 of m3, the intersection of organic matter and POM account for 34.8%, sulfuric acid the intersection of root and particle and nitric acid root particle account for 31.3% together, among them organic matter, root particle, nitric acid sulfic acid root particle,etc. belong to aerosol (thin particle) two times . "Can find out, contribution in PM2.5 of aerosol two times exceeds 50%, it is the main composition composition of PM2.5. " And what is the main source of influencing PM2.5 density? Expert monitor research, indicate to the intersection of the South and some one of city, the main source of PM2.5 is successively: Motor vehicle exhaust and dust, dust, oil smoke and dust, building cement dust, soot dust, nitrate of sulphate, food and beverage of fuel. Among them in winter, the exhaust dust of motor vehicle is up to 38%, lies in the first to the contribution value of PM2.5, secondly it is the fuel dust, the contributing value reaches 23%. Another one reveals to report which Beijing PM2.5 composition analyzes, 2000 - 2001, the main source of Beijing PM2.5 discharges, building the dust, burning, sulphate two times and nitrate and organic matter of bionass for the fire coal, wind-borne dust, motor vehicle. Through the change of nearly ten years, the main source of Beijing PM2.5 is changing too. An expert of Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Agency says, the comprehensive administration of the air pollution since 1998 correctly of Beijing. Industrial respect, as the stopping production of the chemical industries of Capital Iron and Steel Co., southeast suburb is moved, basically there are no industry, manufacturing industry in the city in the center of Beijing. Meanwhile, change the angry project through the coal for many years, five intra-annular coal-burning boilers have been already very few at present. These two PM2.5 sources of factory and fire coal, to Beijing City Area, basically already very few. But the quantity of motor vehicle of Beijing rises at full speed in recent years. "No matter petrol car or diesel vehicle, in the course of use, will produce PM2.5, PM2.5 that diesel vehicle produce. Meanwhile, some gaseous pollutant in the car exhaust, will turn into thin particulate matters twice too. " The above-mentioned Environmental Protection Agency expert says. Though the official side of Beijing has not announced various pollution sources to PM2.5 contribution rate, but an unquestionable one is, Beijing motor vehicle is one of the main sources of PM2.5. In addition, PM2.5 density that the motor vehicle discharges, not only depend on the discharge standard of motor vehicle, the fuel standard is an important factor too. December 11, Professor of Tsing-Hua University Department of Envorinmental Science and Engineering KeBin He say motor vehicle exhaust contribute relatively loud, and the most dangerous. "The chimney of the factory is just a few hectometres high, and the height of the flexible tailstock trachea is half a meter, the particulate matter which it discharged out, height and position which the human body breathes are close. " He KeBin says, they still find, light, heavy diesel vehicle and PM2.5 of the agricultural vehicle discharge the density biggest. In addition, the car is in the state that empty to block the idle speed, just start and is accelerated, or frequently accelerated moderating, the motor vehicle discharges PM2.5 density and rises. But it is with 90 when advancing to discharge PM2.5 a minimum one at the uniform velocities. So, the city gathers around and stops up, much PM2.5 total amount that the motor vehicle discharges be. Report of staff reporter's horsepower warm Ru Beijing " Beijing must lower PM2.5 the peripheral province and city link " He KeBin, Professor of Tsing-Hua University, says PM2.5 announces easy emission reduction is difficult; Air requisite quality rate right away picture at present " The little examination mark of difficulty of the examination roll is high " Talk with personages and congratulate the refined Professor of Department of Envorinmental Science and Engineering of Tsing-Hua University of gram, participate in PM2.5 standard to study the air pollution made and control experts This winter such as motive such as dialogue, the intersection of Beijing and several the intersection of fog and the intersection of haze and it, of " PM2.5 " Push to and dispute the upper limit. The department in environment protecting mode brings PM2.5 into the draft of " surrounding air quality criteria " soon too, and put forward the standard probably limited. How are current situation and prospect which China PM2.5 manages? On December 11, Professor He KeBin was interviewed by reporter. The current situation " estimates PM2.5 new standard is issued before the Spring Festival " The Beijing News: What if PM2.5 of our country pollute the current situation? He KeBin: The frequency appearing as primary pollutant in particle pollution, it is the highest in the air pollutant that most cities of our country announce. In terms of Beijing, PM2.5 takes the proportion of PM10, it is probably 70% to 80%. Be regarded as 120 micrograms / cubic meter according to Beijing PM10 average annual density, the PM2.5 one is dense Degree wants the above in 80 micrograms / cubic meter, even more. PM2.5 annual mean value recommended according to WHO is 35, differs by distance of a time between the two, so the density of Beijing PM2.5 is still higher. The Beijing News: What is the reason why we PM2.5 are seriously polluted? He KeBin: This relates to developing stage. China is the fastest country of acceleration rate of international economy. Energy consumption brought in growth of GDP, and the consumption of the coal in the energy, and the acceleration rate of total amount of motor vehicle, come out at the top in the world. So the total emission of pollutant is larger. Second, developed country in two three environmental problem that appear successively among being century-old, but concentrate on breaking out in China in 30 years. For example, the developed country will go through the gradual transition to the floating pollution sources of PM2.5 of fixed pollution sources of the soot. There are concentrate on not appearing and settle well yet a pollution sources on but China,contradiction of another kind and appear. The Beijing News: Study PM2.5 since the 1990s of last century at home, why does the country get PM2.5 standard out of more than 10 years later? He KeBin: This is international practice too. Judge it when a piece of pollutant needs new regulation policy? �Ҫ����� Huan Yu the intersection of � and the intersection of otter and 1 hot Gou stop �� of �� Shun the intersection of coffee and the intersection of the third of the twelve Earthly Branches and cM2.5 it enters government actions to be 2006, but propose the result of study of PM2.5 for the first time, it was the middle period of the 1990s of last century. In European Union, Britain does not have PM2.5 standard at present. There is not our peripheral South Korea. The Beijing News: Nearly period of time, public opinion controversial to PM2.5, environmental protection portion under pressure, just put out PM2.5 standard? He KeBin: Really play a role in accelerating. Without these things, it is estimated the new standard will be issued in next June. Under promotion of citizen's participation this time, I believe that will issue in the near future. If it is quick, will issue before the Spring Festival next year. However, it certainly can not be a government, under the pressure of the new standard happens in the pressure. If a government takes out the new standard in so short time, this can not be stood testing technically. Because from 2008 to present accumulation, has had a scheme already, could take out. It is difficult " it has no precedent that the high acceleration rate drops world PM2.5 " The Beijing News: If PM2.5 includes in the new standard, it is difficult to implement? He KeBin: Reflect the question depends on monitoring, solving the problem depends on emission reduction. Emission reduction respect, we have accumulated some experiences such as Olympic Games, World Expo, Asian Games, examine some measures within short time, see some results. The contradiction is that we are in the rise period at a high speed of a economy at present, the energy, especially coal is being consumed greatly. While growing at top speed in this way, and also solve the problem of PM2.5, there is no precedent in the world. The contradiction faced will be bigger, need more strong technical support. The Beijing News: Do not the other countries have this kind of contradiction? He KeBin: <
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